JavaScript hoisting is a behavior in which declarations (variables and functions) are moved, or "hoisted," to the top of their containing scope during the compilation phase, before code execution. This can lead to unexpected results, as it allows you to reference variables before they are formally declared in the code.

Variable Hoisting: Variables declared with the var keyword are hoisted and initialized with undefined. If you try to access the variable before its declaration, you won't get a ReferenceError, but instead, you'll get the value undefined. Variables declared with let and const are also hoisted but aren't initialized, so accessing them before declaration results in a ReferenceError.

Function Hoisting: Function declarations are hoisted as well, with both the name and the actual function definition. This means you can call a function before declaring it in your code. However, function expressions, including arrow functions, are not hoisted in the same way, and referencing them before their declaration will result in an error.

Order of Precedence: In cases of multiple declarations, functions are hoisted first, then variables. If a variable and a function share the same name within the same scope, the function declaration will take precedence over the variable.

Scope Consideration: Hoisting takes place depending on the scope. In a function scope, the variables and functions are hoisted to the top of the function. In the global scope, they are hoisted to the top of the global context.

Understanding hoisting is crucial for avoiding potential pitfalls in JavaScript, as it can lead to unpredictable behavior if not handled with care